文化企业和企业文化：独立后马华文学与马来西亚华商的关系
新纪元学院中文系 伍燕翎*
摘 要 华裔商人（华商）在马来西亚华人社会各领域扮演举足轻重之角色。这无疑和传统中国“士农工商”社会结构大有差异。19世纪末至20世纪初，华人大量移居马来亚，从此在政经文教上展开各阶段的奋斗历程。从最早的华工（苦力）、矿工、工人、农夫、工匠到后来的商人，马来西亚华人可说是凭着自己克勤克俭的精神，在这块艰苦的土地上挣扎求存。马来西亚华人文学作为文化之一环，取得相当骄人的成绩。它可以说是继中国大陆、台湾以后，目前发展得最为蓬勃且具生命力。自1990年代起，马华作家在中国、台湾囊括不少具代表性的文学奖，马华文学研究也受到大陆、台湾的普遍关注，新生代作家相继崛起，诸方面的成果一再说明马华文学的机制于过去和现在已发展成熟，并且有着非常积极和乐观的将来。这一切的背后，很大程度源自于马来西亚华人深刻的文化自信和高度的文化自觉。不可否认，在马来西亚华人社会结构中占据非常重要位置的华商和华团，在文化推广和传播上扮演要角。此论文将从两个部分来探索独立后马华文学、文化和华商、华团之间的关系：一是马华作家本身亦商亦文的多重身份；二是儒商对马华文学、文化的影响。
关键词 马华文学 马华文化 华商 华团
Cultural Enterprises and Enterprise Culture in Malaysia:
The Relations between Chinese Literature and
Chinese Merchants in Post-Independence Malaysia
NG Yean Leng
（New Era University College）
Abstract：Chinese merchants in Malaysia play important roles in various capacities in Malaysian Chinese society. This is significantly unlike their social status in traditional society in China in being ranked below the literati, peasants, and artisans. Large numbers of Chinese migrated to Malaya during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to seek a livelihood in different domains of endeavor. From the earliest Chinese coolies, mine and farm workers, laborers and craftsmen to later arrivals such as merchants, all struggled hard to survive on the spirit of hard work and thriftiness. As a component of Malaysian Chinese culture, literature has charted a heartening record of achievements. Indeed, outside mainland China and Taiwan, Malaysian Chinese literature has developed with life and vigor. Since the 1990s, Malaysian Chinese writers have cornered a considerable number of significant literary awards in mainland China and Taiwan, and research on Malaysian Chinese literature has also attracted widespread attention among scholars in these territories. The emergence of young writers and their various achievements testify to an increasingly mature form of literary accomplishments that are imbued with confidence and optimism. This healthy growth is attributed largely to the self-assurance and mindfulness of the Chinese community in their emphasis on cultural promotion. It is the merchants, together with the numerous trade and clan associations, who occupy such a prominent position in Chinese society that are driving the development and spread of cultural activities. This study will examine the relations between Malaysian Chinese literature and related cultural activities and Chinese merchants and their associations from two aspects. The first focuses on the work of Malaysian writers who also double as merchants and literary entrepreneurs; and the other on the influence of merchants on the development of Malaysian Chinese literature and culture.
Keywords：Malaysian Chinese Literature；Malaysian Chinese Culture；Chinese Merchants； Chinese Associations
