泰国华人民间信仰的复调与变奏

——以曼谷玄天上帝庙为例

泰国华侨崇圣大学 范军

摘 要  曼谷玄天上帝庙是中国移民于吞武里王朝时期建立的供奉玄天上帝的古庙。这座庙宇与众不同，它不仅是华人的玄天上帝庙，而且也是泰人热衷信仰的虎神庙。这座庙宇典型地体现了华人民间信仰的多重性的特点，玄天上帝本身就负载着龟蛇崇拜（动物崇拜）、北极星崇拜、北方神（五方崇拜）、水神崇拜、战神崇拜、明朝护国神崇拜等多重信仰崇拜。伴随华人移民传入泰国之后，玄帝信仰又与当地的虎神崇拜融合在一起，更丰富了这种多重性。同时，也不免为了适应泰国当地政治文化环境，融入了泰国信仰文化的因素，因此发生了不少变异。玄天上帝为代表的华人信仰如何在以佛教为主流的泰国社会中生存传布，由此做了哪些调整和变化——信仰的“复调”与“变奏”，是本文着力探讨的信仰现象。通过对这些“复调”与“变奏”的研究，不仅可以认识泰国华人如何坚持和延续本民族的信仰和文化身份认同，也可以了解泰国历代政府是如何管理华人信仰及其寺庙的。

关键词  曼谷四枋厂玄天上帝庙 泰国华人民间信仰 复调 变奏

Polyphony and Variation in Popular Religion of Chinese in Thailand

——An San Chaopho Suea of Bangkok Perspective

Fan Jun

(Huachiew Chalermprakiet University)

Abstract: San Chaopho Suea of Bangkok as a famous Xuan Tian Shang Di Temple was built by Chinese immigrates. This temple is not only Xuan Tian Shang Di Temple for Chinese in Thailand but also Tiger God temple for Thai people. Belief of Xuan Tian Shang Di is multi-belief including the worship of Tortoise and Snake, Polaris, Northern God, Water God, War God, God protect Ming Dynasty and so on. Along with Chinese immigrates coming into Thailand, belief of Xuan Tian Shang Di was mixed with local Tiger God belief. Meanwhile, it is inevitable that Chinese belief must be adjusted and changed to suit the political and cultural environment of Thailand. We called these phenomena Polyphony and Variation in Popular Religion. This thesis focuses Chinese belief represented by belief of Xuan Tian Shang Di how to survive and spread in Thailand, analyzes Chinese in Thailand made what adjustment and change for this purpose. Through the study of Polyphony and Variation in Popular Religion, we will know Chinese in Thailand how to persist and continue Chinese belief and also will know government of Thailand how to manage Chinese belief and its temples.

Keywords: San Chaopho Suea of Bankok；Thai Chinese Folk Beliefs；Polyphony； Variation