汉传佛教在马来（西）亚发展初探

——以妙莲、善庆及本忠之佛教活动为中心

厦门大学 魏明宽

 摘 要 1855年，鼓山涌泉寺住持妙莲南来筹款数次，后住持槟城广福宫。不久，妙莲辞去住持，并号召善庆、本忠等僧人帮助创建槟城极乐寺。期间，妙莲驻锡于宝屿仙岩，后来宝屿仙岩也归于极乐寺。极乐寺打破了本土长期无汉传佛教道场的局限。此后，鼓山一脉的汉传佛教在马来（西）亚再跨境传播与发展。1904年，善庆于创建古毛观音阁；1922年，本忠创建车水路观音寺。然而，种种变数左右了后期佛寺的发展。1931年，中国抗日战争起始，影响观音寺发展；1948年，英殖民宣布紧急法令，村民迫迁，使原本的观音阁分为新古毛观音阁及新古毛古寺，分别由在家人管理与出家人住持，发展出具民间信仰色彩的佛教及纯粹的佛教。因此，本文尝试以鼓山一脉，极乐寺开创时期的三位重要僧人（妙莲、善庆、本忠）跨境的佛教活动为线索，探讨汉传佛教受时代背景、华社的信仰取向及管理者等变数的影响下，在马来（西）亚生存、奠基与发展的状况。

关键词 汉传佛教  极乐寺  妙莲  善庆  本忠

A Preliminary Study of the Development of Chinese Buddhism in Nanyang: Focusing on Miao Lian, Shan Qing and Ben Zhong's involvement in the Buddhism Activities

 Wooi Ming Kuan

 （Xiamen University）

Abstract: In 1885, Abbot Miao Lian from Gushan Yong Quan Temple came to Nanyang to conduct fundraising for several times, then became the abbot of Penang Guangfu Temple. Soon, Miao Lian resigned and invited the other monks which are Shan Qing and Ben Zhong, to be the founder of Kek Lok Si Temple. During that time, Miao Lian resided at Bao Yu Xian Yan Temple, soon Bao Yu Xian Yan Temple belong to Kek Lok Si Temple. Kek Lok Si Temple was the first Chinese Buddhist monastery in Nanyang.  Since then, the Chinese Buddhist from Gushan was found continuously developing cross-border. In 1904, Shan Qing founded Kubu Bharu Gu Mao Guanyin temple. In 1922, Ben Zhong founded GuanyinTemple. However, certain factors have influenced the development of Chinese Buddhism. In 1931, the War of resistance against Japan influenced Guanyin Temple’s development; in 1948, the British announced the emergency decree and forced the villagers to move, leading Guanyin temple divided into two temple which were administrated by the villagers and monks that contain folk religion features and pure buddhism. Therefore, using the three significant monks' (Miao Lian, Shan Qing and Ben Zhong) cross-border Buddhist activities as a clue, this paper attempts to discuss the development condition of Chinese Buddhism influenced by the era background, the Chinese community's faith orientation, administrators and other variables.

Keywords: Chinese Buddhism; Kek Lok Si Temple; Miao Lian; Shan Qing ; Ben Zhong